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During a physical examination, a health care provider studies a patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems. A typical physical ex... More
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A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the body. See also: Cranial CT scan; Lumbosacral sp... More
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive way to take pictures of the body. Unlike x-rays and computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses... More
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure used to identify stones, tumors, or narrowing in the bile ducts. The procedure is done through ... More
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein normally found in the tissue of developing baby in the womb. Blood levels of this protein disappear or become very low a... More
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CA 19-9 Test
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A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination. More
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Cytology is the examination of individual cells and small clusters of cells, and may be used for the diagnosis and screening of diseases, including cancers. Cytolog... More
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Endoscopic Ultrasound
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Urinalysis is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. It involves a number of tests to detect and measure various compounds that pass through ... More
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Cholangiography
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Tumor markers are a group of proteins, hormones, enzymes, receptors, and other cellular products that are overexpressed (produced in higher than normal amounts) by ... More
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Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body. More
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Liver function tests, or LFTs, include tests for bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, and ammonia, a protein byproduct that is normally converted into urea... More
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A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following: The number of red blood cells (RBCs; The number of white blood cells (WBCs; The total amount of hemog... More
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Bilirubin is a product that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin. Total and direct bilirubin are usually measured to screen for or to monitor liver or gallbladd... More
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A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the body. Unlike magnetic re... More
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Amylase is an enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates. It is produced mainly in the pancreas and the glands that make saliva. When the pancreas is diseased or inflam... More
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Lipase is a protein (enzyme) released by the pancreas into the small intestines. It triggers the breakdown of fat into fatty acids. This article discusses the test ... More
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Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells. Most commonly, the term is used to refer to cancer-killing drugs. This article ... More
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Radiation therapy uses high powered x-rays or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells. More
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Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: Questions and AnswersKey PointsPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a drug (called a photosensitizer or photosensitizing agent)... More
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Intravenous chemotherapy
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Liver transplant is surgery to replace a diseased liver with a healthy liver. More
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Surgical excision is the removal of tissue by a doctor or surgeon using a scalpel (sharp knife) or other cutting instrument. More
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GEMCITABINE is a chemotherapy drug. This medicine is used to treat many types of cancer like breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer.This ... More
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CAPECITABINE (ka pe SITE a been) is a chemotherapy drug. It slows the growth of cancer cells. This medicine is used to treat breast cancer, and also colon or rectal... More
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OXALIPLATIN is a chemotherapy drug. It targets fast dividing cells, like cancer cells, and causes these cells to die. This medicine is used to treat cancers of the ... More
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MITOMYCIN is a chemotherapy drug. This medicine is used to treat cancer of the stomach and pancreas.This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health ca... More
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The practice of acupuncture originated in China 5,000 years ago. Today it is widely used throughout the world and is one of the main pillars of Chinese medicine. Th... More
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Various forms of therapeutic superficial tissue manipulation have been practiced for thousands of years across cultures. Chinese use of massage dates to 1600 BC, an... More
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Various forms of meditation have been practiced for thousands of years throughout the world, with many techniques originating in Eastern religious practices. In mod... More
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