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Synonyms

4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, (nebrodenside A), Amsania, brigham tea, budshur, cao Ma huang (Chinese), chewa, Chinese ephedra, Chinese joint fir, desert herb, E. altissima, E. americana, E. anti-syphilitica, E. distacha, E. distachya, E. equisetina (Mongolian Ephedra), E. geradiana, E. helvetica, E. intermedia (intermediate ephedra), E. likiangensis, E. major, E. minuta, E. monosperma, E. nevadensis, E. przewalskii, E. sinica, E. shennungiana, E. trifurca, E. viridis, E. vulgaris, Ephedraceae (family), ephedra alkaloids, Ephedra distachya, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra nebrodensis, Ephedra przewalskii, Ephedra regeliana, Ephedra sinica Ephedra soup medicines, Ephedrae herba, ephedrine, ephedrine hydrochloride, ephedrine sulphate, ephedroid, epicatechin, epitonin, European ephedra, herba ephedrae, horsetail, hum, huma, Indian joint fir, intermediate ephedra, joint fir, khama, mahoàng, máhuáng, "Mao" (Chinese), mao-kon, mahuuanggen, methylephedine, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedine, Mexican tea, môc tac ma hoàng, Mongolian ephedra, Mormon tea, mu-tsei-ma-huang, muzei mu huang, natural ecstasy, neuropeptide Y, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, O-coumaric acid beta-D-glucopyranoside, (nebrodenside B), O-coumaric acid glucoside, phok, popotillo, pseudoephedrine, san-ma-huang, sea grape, shrubby, soma, song tuê ma hoàng, squaw tea, teamster's tea, trun aa hoàng, tsao-ma-huang, tutgantha, yellow astringent, yellow horse, zhong Ma huang.

Note: There are approximately 40 species of ephedra.

Background

On February 6^th 2004 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a final rule prohibiting the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids (ephedra) because such supplements present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury. The rule became effective 60 days from the date of publication. In April of 2005, a Utah Judge competed with this rule.

It remains unclear whether ephedra will find its way back onto shelves, despite widespread acknowledgement of significant safety risks, including serious potential cardiovascular events or death.

Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra (ma huang), contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction. In combination with caffeine, ephedrine appears to elicit weight loss (in trials of 1-12 months duration). However, studies of ephedra or ephedrine monotherapy have been equivocal. Numerous trials have documented the efficacy of ephedrine in the management of asthmatic bronchoconstriction and hypotension. However, commercial preparations of non-prescription supplements containing ephedra have not been systematically studied for these indications.

Major safety concerns have been associated with ephedra or ephedrine use, including hypertension, tachycardia, CNS excitation, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

Despite widely publicized safety concerns and the highly publicized 2003 death of a U.S. major league baseball pitcher thought to be related to ephedra, prior to the ban on ephedra, 14% of individuals using non-prescription weight-loss products in the U.S. continued to take ephedra or ephedrine-containing products.