Advanced Sports Nutrition by Dan Benardot, PhD, RD, FACSM

page of  225
chapter of  18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
publisher: Human Kinetics  

About Advanced Sports Nutrition

Insights from Advanced Sports Nutrition will keep your body running on the highest grade fuel every time you train or compete. In this comprehensive guide, World renowned sports nutritionist Dr Dan Benardot cuts through nutritional mumbo jumbo, preferring food-based nutrition to gimmicky supplements. Bardot, who worked with the gold-medal-winning women's gymnastics team at the 1996 Olympic Games (Atlanta) and with the medal- winning USA marathoners at the 2004 Olympic Games (Athens), helps you determine optimal rations and quantities of energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals to maintain energy balance and achieve optimal performance.

About the Author

Dan Benardot, PhD, DHC, RD, LD, FACSM, is an associate professor in the nutrition division of the School of Health Professions at Georgia State University and an associate professor in the department of kinesiology and health.

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Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. ENERGY NUTRIENTS

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Types

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Carbohydrate Utilization During Exercise

Central Fatigue Theories

Carbohydrate Requirements

Carbohydrates and Physical Activity

Fat (Lipids)

Fat Functions

Lipid Structure

Triglycerides

Essential Fatty Acids

Fat Requirements

Lipids and Physical Activity

Athlete Conditioning and Metabolizing Fat

Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Protein

Protein Functions

Protein Metabolism

Protein Requirements

Protein and Physical Activity

2. VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Vitamins

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Niacin

Vitamin B12

Folic Acid

Biotin

Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin C

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Minerals

Macrominerals

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sodium

Chloride

Hyponatremia

Potassium

Microminerals

Iron

Zinc

Iodine

Selenium

Copper

Manganese

Chromium

3. FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES

A Balance of Fluid Loss and Intake

Factors Affecting Fluid Loss

Factors Affecting Fluid Intake

Gastric Emptying and Fluid Delivery to Working Muscles

Athlete Conditioning, Adaptation, and Age

Intestinal Absorption

Fluid-Related Problems

Dehydration

Heat Cramps

Heat Exhaustion

Heatstroke (Sunstroke)

Hyponatremia

Hydration Strategies

Fluid Intake Before Exercise

Fluid Intake During Exercise

Fluid Intake After Exercise

4. ERGOGENIC AIDS

A Brief History of Ergogenic Aids

Categories of Ergogenic Aids

Carbohydrate As Ergogenic Aid

Creatine Monohydrate

Glycerol

Bicarbonate (Sodium Bicarbonate or Bicarbonate of Soda)

Proteins and Amino Acids

Caffeine

Carnitine (Typically L-Carnitine)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Medium-Chain Triglycerides

Ginseng

Ergogenic Choices

5. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Mouth and Esophagus

Stomach

Gastric Emptying

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

GI Concerns for Athletes

Before Exercise

During Exercise

After Exercise

6. TIMING OF ENERGY AND FLUID INTAKE

Fuel For The Final 5 Kilometers

Intake For Performance Enhancement

Considerations For Fluid Intake

Considerations For Energy Intake

Carbohydrate Ingestion Before Exercise

Carbohydrate Maintenance During Exercise

Carbohydrate Replenishment After Exercise

Carbohydrate Loading

Seven-Day Taper

Seven Days Before Competition

Six Days Before Competition

Five Days Before Competition

Four Days Before Competition

Three Days Before Competition

Two Days Before Competition

One Day Before Competition

Competition Day

Seven Day Wrap-Up

7. EFFICIENT DELIVERY OF OXYGEN

Oxygen Uptake

Oxygen Delivery and Cellular Utilization

The Oxygen-Nutrient Performance Relationship

Oxidative Stress

8. INHIBITORS OF FUEL AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION

Factors Influencing Food Consumption

Factors Influencing Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients

Factors Influencing Energy Metabolism

9. TRAVEL

General Guidelines for Eating on the Road

Minimizing Jet Lag

Travel Location

10. HIGH ALTITUDE

High-Altitude Training

Meeting Energy and Nutrient Needs

Meeting Fluid Needs

11. GENDER AND AGE

The Female Athlete

General Recommendations for Female Athletes

The Young Athlete

No Logic in School Eating Patterns

General Recommendations for Young Athletes

The Older Athlete

General Recommendations for Older Athletes

12. BODY COMPOSITION AND WEIGHT

Weight Loss and Body Composition

Weight

Ideal Weight

Body Mass Index

Weight Issues

Body Composition

Body Composition and Performance

Body Composition Estimation

Hydrostatic Weighing (Hydrodensitometry)
Skinfolds
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Changes in Body Composition

Body Composition Assessment Issues

Pathologic Weight Control in Athletes: Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa and Anorexia Athletica
Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorders and Sports Performance

13. ANAEROBIC METABOLISM FOR HIGH-INTENSITY BURSTS AND POWER

Nutrition Tactics for Power Athletes

Anaerobic Metabolic Pathways

Phosphocreatine (Phosphagen) System

Glycolysis (Glycolytic System)

A Sampling of Sports Relying on Anerobic Metabolism

Baseball

Bodybuilding

Football (American)

Gymnastics

Hockey

Track and Field (Sprints, Jumps, and Throws)

Swimming (100 to 400 Meters)

Wrestling

14. AEROBIC METABOLISM FOR ENDURANCE

Nutrition Tactics

Aerobic Metabolic Pathways

Considerations for Endurance Sports

Overtraining

Overuse Injuries

Dietary Adequacy

Nutrient Supplementation

Nutritional Concerns for Female Endurance Athletes

A Sampling of Sports Relying on Aerobic Metabolism

Distance Running

Triathlon

Distance Swimming

Cycling

15. METABOLIC NEEDS FOR BOTH POWER AND ENDURANCE

Nutrition Tactics for Sports Requiring Power and Endurance

A Sampling of Sports Relying on a Combination of Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism

Basketball

Figure Skating

Soccer

Tennis

16. SPORTS REQUIRING POWER AND SPEED

About the Eating Plans in This Chapter

17. SPORTS REQUIRING ENDURANCE

About the Eating Plans in This Chapter

18. SPORTS REQUIRING COMBINED POWER AND ENDURANCE

About the Eating Plans in This Chapter

APPENDIX: Food Exchange Lists

Endnotes

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

About the Author

page of  225
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