Mediastinoscopy Health Article

Definition

Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure that allows physicians to view areas of the mediastinum, the cavity behind the sternum (breastbone) that lies between the lungs. The organs in the mediastinum include the heart and its vessels, the lymph nodes, trachea, esophagus, and thymus.

Mediastinoscopy is most commonly used to detect or stage cancer. It is also ordered to detect infection, and to confirm diagnosis of certain conditions and diseases of the respiratory organs. The procedure involves insertion of an endotracheal (within the trachea) tube, followed by a small incision in the chest. A mediastinoscope is inserted through the incision. The purpose of this equipment is to allow the physician to directly see the organs inside the mediastinum, and to collect tissue samples for laboratory study.

Purpose

Mediastinoscopy is often the diagnostic method of choice for detecting lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis (a chronic lung disease) and the staging of lung cancer can also be accomplished through mediastinoscopy. Lung cancer staging involves a determination of the level or progression of the cancer into stages. These stages help a physician study cancer and provide consistent cancer definition levels and corresponding treatments. They also provide some guidance as to prognosis. The lymph nodes in the mediastinum are likely to reveal if lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs. Mediastinoscopy allows a physician to observe and extract a sample from the nodes for further study. Involvement of these lymph nodes indicates the diagnosis and stage of lung cancer.

Mediastinoscopy may also be ordered to verify a diagnosis that was not clearly confirmed by other methods, such as certain radiographic and laboratory studies. Mediastinoscopy may aid in some surgical biopsies of nodes or cancerous tissue in the mediastinum. In fact, a surgeon may immediately perform a surgical procedure if a malignant tumor is confirmed while the patient is undergoing mediastinoscopy. In these cases, the diagnostic exam and surgical procedure are combined into one operation.

Mediastinoscopy provides a diagnosis in 10–75% of cases, depending on histology, location, and size of cancer. The false positive rate, however can be as high as 20%.

Demographics

Approximately 130,000 new pulmonary nodules are diagnosed each year in the United States. Of those, half are malignant. The majority of pulmonary nodules are diagnosed via mediastinoscopy.