Pain : Causes

Pain is the most common symptom of injury and disease, and descriptions can range in intensity from a dull ache to sharp, knifelike or burning pain. Nociceptors have the ability to convey information to the brain that indicates the location, natur...

Pain is the most common symptom of injury and disease, and descriptions can range in intensity from a mere ache to unbearable agony. Nociceptors have the ability to convey information to the brain that indicates the location, nature, and intensity...

Pain is considered in conjunction with other symptoms and individual experiences. An observable injury, such as a broken bone, may be a clear indicator of the type of pain a person is suffering. Determining the specific cause of internal pain is m...

Pain is the most common symptom of injury and disease, and descriptions can range in intensity from a mere ache to unbearable agony. Nociceptors have the ability to convey information to the brain that indicates the location, nature, and intensity...

Stress can come from any situation or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or anxious. What is stressful to one person is not necessarily stressful to another. Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension or fear. The source of this uneasiness is not always known or recognized, which can add to the distress you feel.

Stress is defined as an organism's total response to environmental demands or pressures. When stress was first studied in the 1950s, the term was used to denote both the causes and the experienced effects of these pressures. More recently, however, the word stressor has been used for the stimulus that provokes a stress response. One recurrent disagreement among researchers concerns the definition of stress in humans. Is it primarily an external response that can be measured by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other physical functions, or is it an internal interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor; or is it both?

Everyone feels stress from time to time. It's a fact of daily life. Stress has its upside, but too much of it can leave you feeling out of control. And chronic stress can have negative consequences on your health.

In this report you'll learn about a multitude of techniques that can help reduce stress, including breath focus, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, yoga, massage, and more.

Disturbance in the physiology of the individual. Among psychologists and psychiatrists, stress refers to a psychological reaction within the person to events that generate strong emotion that cannot be easily regulated; for other social scientists, the term stress is used to describe a disturbance in the individual's physiology. These two definitions of stress are not identical. For example, a fall from a tree that leads to a broken arm creates physiological changes in a child that would be regarded as stressful, for there is a cascade of biological events that occurs in such an act of harm to the child. However, many children who have had such falls are not necessarily psychologically upset, anxious, or fearful, even though there was a physiological stress reaction. On the other hand, a child who believes his parent does not like him, experiences rejection from a friend, or is feeling guilt over violating a moral standard will experience unpleasant psychological feelings that disrupt ordinary functioning. That disruption is a result of a psychological stress. This definition of stress need not involve any strong cascade of physiological changes, as occurred in the fall that leads to a broken arm. Nonetheless, psychiatrists and psychologists would say in the second instance that the child was experiencing stress. A problem with understanding the effects of either physiological or psychological stress more completely is that there are no sensitive techniques to ascertain the private reactions that are occurring in the child's body or mind. Many scientists make the assumption that certain events will produce stress in the child, recognizing that in some cases the event will not be stressful. For example, most sociologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists assume that death of a parent, marital strife, separation and divorce, abuse, rejection by a close friend, and chronic failure in school will create stress in the child. Although this assumption is reasonable there is no one-to-one relationship between the occurrence of those and similar external events and a physiological or psychological reaction of stress within the child. Hans Selye is credited with introducing the importance of the concept of stress. Selye discovered that if an individual is under chronic physiological stress there are permanent changes that occur in the body leading to a compromised immunity and a reduced resistance to many forms of disease. Thus college students who are stressed during final examination periods will show a lowered resistance to getting colds and other minor infectious diseases.

Knowing the causes of your stress will help you find ways to manage it.

Sometimes no matter how hard and fast you work, you miss your deadline, adding to your physical and emotional stress.

Stress is defined as an organism's total response to environmental demands or pressures. When stress was first studied in the 1950s, the term was used to denote both the causes and the experienced effects of these pressures. Since the 1990s, however, the word stressor has been used for a stimulus that provokes a stress response. One recurrent disagreement among researchers concerns the definition of stress in humans. The issue is whether it is primarily an external response that can be measured by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other physical functions—or if it is an internal interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor, or both.

When you're faced with a highly stressful event in your life, the strategies outlined here will help you cope.

Ways to manage stress: Get enough sleep, follow a healthy diet and make time for yourself.

Many people believe stress is all in the mind. But dealing with stressful situations can have physiological consequences.

By consciously learning to be present and mindful, you can transform your inattention to attention and your stress into solutions.

Detailed information on women and managing stress

Some stress is inevitable, but as you grow older, the key is to minimize stress while maximizing happiness and enjoyment.

If you take a healthy attitude toward stress in your travel plans, the payoffs include improved physical well-being, mental alertness and better job performance.

Lower your risk: Control stress. When you’re stressed, your heartbeat speeds up and your blood pressure skyrockets. The next time you feel tension taking over, sit back and look at what’s bothering you.

Recent studies are changing our notion about why men develop impotence. While it was once believed that psychological problems were the main cause, we now understand that medical factors -- such as poor blood flow, nerve damage, and medication side effects -- play an important role in most cases of impotence.

Yoga is one of the few stress-relief tools that has a positive effect on all the body systems involved.

Practicing deep, focused breathing is a relaxation technique that can help alleviate stress, which in turn will likely have positive effects on general health and well-being.

As a working parent, do you need some relief from the stress of managing a career and a family?

Your wedding day can be one of the best days of your life, it can also be one of the most stressful.

By understanding what is causing you stress, you may be able to make changes to help you feel more in control.

New research shows that prolonged stress can accelerate the aging of body cells.

A British study suggests a link between increased stress and a rise in cholesterol level, and a follow-up several years later showed the trend continued over time.

Over the course of evolution, the human mind and body have developed means of handling stressful situations. Over the short term, such stress response pathways are highly adaptive, allowing a person to manage his or her resources in order to navigate the crisis; in some cases, however, these processes go awry and result in pathology. Chronic stress is becoming increasingly problematic in the United States as workers work longer and harder hours. Approximately one-third of all workers report that they are in high-stress jobs, and that not only is stress implicated in 15 percent of all disability claims, the number of stress-related absences is increasing. Such prolonged exposure to stress can also result in consequences in the form of physical illness. Alternatively, a severe acute stressor may result in a stress-response syndrome such as an acute stress disorder or a post-traumatic stress disorder. In acute stress, the mind and body respond with a fight or flight response that involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and release of stress hormones such as cortisol. Psychologically, this increases the organism's alertness and response time. Physiologically, these changes provide the organism with the energy needed to meet the emergency. Such intense activation helps the organism in the short term, but prolonged activation of this system creates problems in that it may increase the risk of certain disease states, and, once set into motion, chronic stress responses may be difficult to extinguish. This has led some researchers to investigate potential mediating factors such as personality. For example, a correlation has been established between a personality characterized by hostile competitiveness (type A) and increased risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack). An acute stressor or psychological trauma, such as a life-threatening circumstance, presents a person with new information that may be difficult to assimilate. In an attempt to adapt, the person will typically alternate between contemplation of the stressor and avoidance of reminders of the event. Such a cycle allows for dose-by-dose psychological processing of the event. Difficulties in adaptation may present as an acute stress disorder that manifests itself as an extreme version of this cycle. People with such a disorder may have intrusive remembrances, nightmares, or even flashbacks of the stress event. These can alternate with emotional numbing, interpersonal alienation, and extreme avoidance of traumatic reminders. A diagnosis of postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is made if these symptoms persist longer than one month. Studies suggest that approximately 0.5 percent of men and 1.3 percent of women meet criteria for PTSD over their lifetime. A larger percentage (approximately 15%) of subjects were found to have some symptoms but did not meet criteria for the full disorder. At present, psychotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for stress response syndromes. A variety of approaches exist, but they share a common goal of assisting the patient with conscious contemplation of the event in such a way that it may be assimilated and anxiety responses extinguished. Care must be taken to create an environment of safety and to avoid retraumatization, which may occur with overly rapid exposure to traumatic memories. Patients experience decreased feelings of guilt and shame as they learn that they responded to the trauma as adequately as possible. Contemplation of the event in therapy may lead to further benefits, including an enhanced understanding of the meaning of the event in the larger context of the individual's life. Psychopharmacologic treatment may be a useful adjunct for specific symptom clusters such as associated anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The prognosis for treatment is good and is improved if the patient was without preexisting psychiatric comorbidity and if the treatment occurs in close proximity to the event. Brief treatment is frequently h

Stress is a term that refers to the sum of the physical, mental, and emotional strains or tensions on a person. Feelings of stress in humans result from interactions between persons and their environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well-being. The element of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in personality as well as differences in physical strength or health. A stressor is defined as a stimulus or event that provokes a stress response in an organism. Stressors can be categorized as acute or chronic, and as external or internal to the organism. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR ) defines a psychosocial stressor as "any life event or life change that may be associated temporally (and perhaps causally) with the onset, occurrence, or exacerbation [worsening] of a mental disorder." Stress affects the lives of most adults in developed countries in many ways. It is a major factor in rising health care costs; one public health expert maintains that 90% of all diseases and disorders in the United States are stress-related. Stress plays a part in many social problems such as child and elder abuse , workplace violence, juvenile crime, suicide , substance addiction , "road rage," and the general decline of courtesy and good manners. Stress also affects the productivity of businesses and industries. One nationwide survey found that 53% of American workers name their job as the single greatest source of stress in their lives. Furthermore, the overall cost of medical care, time lost from work, and workplace accidents in the United States comes to over $150 million per year.

Stress is an individual's physical and mental reaction to environmental demands or pressures.

Women experience symptoms of stress 30 percent more often than men, research has shown.

No one can avoid all stress -- and a certain amount actually is good for you. But it's always best to keep unhealthy levels in check when possible.

Mental stress does more than diminish your sense of well-being. It also can increase your risk for heart disease.

During stressful times, your body produces various chemicals, including cortisol, an immune-suppressing hormone. The more cortisol produced, the weaker your immune cells become and the more susceptible you are to illness.

You're familiar with the symptoms of stress -- a pounding heart, increased perspiration, tight neck and shoulder muscles, anxiety and fear. But you may not know how to prevent or relieve these symptoms.

The formula for success at work is not only hard work, but also frequent breaks for mental and physical rest.

Here are suggestions on how to avoid and deal with the stresses in your life.

Whether your credit card balances are soaring, or you and your partner are arguing constantly over nickels and dimes, there are things you can do to relieve financial stress.

The more you learn about the pressure times and triggers at your workplace, the better you'll be able to plan for them.

No matter the source of your stress, it can produce physical, mental, and emotional symptoms that can affect any part of the body.

Stress is a powerful force for good and for ill. It can help us cope with life's challenges, but it can also affect our health by making pre-existing conditions worse or even bringing on new ones.

To manage your stress, you must first learn to recognize when you are under stress. Every one reacts to stress differently; find out how you respond to stressful situations.

Anything that brings on feelings of stress is called a stressor. Today, we often face many stressors.

Stress tests are not recommended unless you experience chest pain or tightness during exercise or other activities that stress the heart.

Guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology offer advice on protecting the heart during noncardiac surgery.

Resilience is the ability to handle stressful events and remain mentally strong and healthy. The presence of a certain form of neurochemical may be one explanation for why some people are more resilient than others.

In experiments on mice, suppressing a chemical linked to stress and appetite prevented the formation of abdominal fat cells, which could lead to new possibilities for weight loss drugs.

What is the relationship between stress and infertility? Joan Bengtson, M.D., is assistant professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproduction at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

My fingertips have recently started peeling. I have been under a considerable amount of stress lately. Could there be any correlation?

There are three levels of burns: First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling; Second-degree (partial thickness) burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering; Third-degree (full thickness) burns extend into deeper tissues. They cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb.

Contact injuries to the skin and deeper tissues caused by exposure to flames, hot liquids or solids, radiant heat, caustic chemicals, electricity or electromagnetic (nuclear) radiation. Every year, in the United States, approximately two million people suffer serious burns; of that total, 115,000 are hospitalized and 12,000 die. Children are most commonly burned by scalding liquids in the kitchen or bathroom. Fire is the second most common cause of burns. Burns are classified as first, second, or third-degree according to their severity. First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin (epidermis); they cause redness, mild swelling, and stinging pain. Second-degree burns affect the second skin layer (dermis); they are more painful and are marked by the appearance of blisters. Third-degree burns destroy both the epidermis and dermis and may also damage underlying tissue; the skin appears charred or white and lifeless and may be insensitive to pinprick. Third-degree burns may be less painful than second-degree, due to destruction of nerve endings. The depth of a burn, its extent (percentage of body surface), and the age of the victim determine its severity. For burns of similar extent and depth, persons under one year and over 40 years of age have a higher mortality rate than those between the ages of two and 39 years. In children, burns affecting 10% of the body require hospitalization. A reasonably accurate guide to determining the extent of burns is the "Rule of Nine:" head and neck account for 9% of body surface; each arm and hand, 9%; each foot and leg, 18%; anterior and posterior trunk, including buttocks, 18% each; and perineum, 1%.

Detailed information on burns, burn types, classification of burns, burn treatment, and burn rehabilitation

Burns are injuries to tissues that are caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation, or chemicals.

Detailed information on burns, burn types, classification of burns, and burn treatment

Detailed information on the most common types of burns, including thermal, radiation, chemical, and electrical

Detailed information on burns, burn types, classification of burns, and burn treatment

Detailed information on burns, burn types, classification of burns, and burn treatment

Burns are injuries to the tissues caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. Such injuries cause the breakdown of body proteins, death of cells, loss of body fluids, and edema .

Detailed information on electrical burns

Detailed information on a heat-induced or thermal burn

Detailed information on chemical burns

Detailed information on the classification and treatment of burns

Detailed information on chemical burns of the eye, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Detailed information on chemical burns of the eye, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Statistical information relating to burn injury

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation, or chemicals.

Detailed information on emergency treatment of a burn injury

Statistical information relating to burn injury

Glossary of terms relating to burns

List of online resources to find additional information on burns

Detailed information on burns, including anatomy, classification, treatment, and prevention

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. A patient is treated for burn wounds. ( Phototake . Reproduced by permission. )

Detailed information on third-degree burns, including causes, symptoms, and treatment

Detailed information on first-degree burns, including causes, symptoms, and treatment

Detailed information on burns, including anatomy, classification, treatment, and prevention

Detailed information on preventing burn injuries

Detailed information on second-degree burns, including causes, symptoms, and treatment

Detailed information for helping your child if he/she has difficulty adjusting following a burn injury

Detailed information on nutrition and burns

Should a burn be covered with a band-aid or other bandage? Mary Pickett, M.D., is a lecturer for Harvard Medical School and an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, OR. At OHSU, she practices general internal medicine and teaches medical residents and students.

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. It is a genetic disease, with two main characteristics of uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of those cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites.

Understanding CancerThe term "cancer" refers to a group of diseases in which cells grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body. It is difficult to imagine anyone who has not heard about this disease.

Cancer is the end product of a multistep process (carcinogenesis) that occurs over many years. The term "cancer" actually refers to numerous distinct diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth and differentiation. Cancers are categorized by the organ and/or cell of origin. For example, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung arises from pulmonary epithelial tissue, whereas adenocarcinoma of the breast arises from mammary duct epithelium. The natural history of a cancer is highly dependent on the organ and cell type from which it is derived. In addition, prognosis is influenced by the stage and histologic grade of the cancer. Staging is generally designated by the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) staging system, which takes into account the size of the primary tumor(T), the extent to which local lymph nodes (glands) are involved (N), and whether or not distant metastases are present (M). The histologic grade, determined by microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen, provides an objective assessment of the degree of cellular differentiation.

Does Ageism Exist in Cancer Care?What if you had cancer and were not offered a new treatment because of your age?

Coping With Cancer Through Mind, Body, Spirit and EmotionsWith one out of every two or three people at risk for cancer, as suggested by the American Cancer Society, perhaps it comes as no surprise that the topic of cancer and stress are tightly li...

INCLUSION CRITERIA A preliminary list of cancers and related topics was compiled from a wide variety of sources, including professional medical guides and textbooks, as well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. The advisory board, made up of medical doctors and oncology pharmacists, evaluated the topics and made suggestions for inclusion. Final selection of topics to include was made by the advisory board in conjunction with the Gale editor. ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS The essays were compiled by experienced medical writers, including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other health care professionals. The advisors reviewed the completed essays to ensure that they are appropriate, up-to-date, and medically accurate. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer has been designed with ready reference in mind. Straight alphabetical arrangement of topics allows users to locate information quickly. Bold-faced terms within entries direct the reader to related articles. Cross-references placed throughout the encyclopedia direct readers from alternate names and related topics to entries. A list of key terms is provided where appropriate to define unfamiliar terms or concepts. A list of questions to ask the doctor is provided whenever appropriate to help facilitate discussion with the patient's physician. The Resources section for non-drug entries directs readers to additional sources of medical information on a topic. Valuable contact information for organizations and support groups is included with each cancer type entry. Appendix II at the back of Volume II contains an extensive list of organizations arranged in alphabetical order. A comprehensive general index guides readers to all topics mentioned in the text. A note about drug entries :Drug entries are listed in alphabetical order by common generic names . However, because many oncology drugs have more than one common generic name, and because in many cases, the brand name is also often used interchangeably with a generic name, drugs can be located in one of three ways. The reader can: find the generic drug name in alphabetical order, be directed to the entry from an alternate name cross-reference, or use the index to look up a brand name , which will direct the reader to the equivalent generic name entry. If the reader would like more information about oncology drugs than these entries provide, the reader is encouraged to consult with a physician, pharmacist, or the reader may find helpful any one of a number of books about cancer drugs. Two that may be helpful are: D. Solimando's Drug Information Handbook for Oncology , or R. Ellerby's Quick Reference Handbook of Oncology Drugs . GRAPHICS The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer contains over 200 full-color illustrations, photos and tables. Eleven illustrations of various body systems can be found in the front matter of the book, and these can help the reader to understand which cancers may affect which organs, and how the various systems interact. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editor would like to express appreciation to the following medical professionals who reviewed several entries within their areas of expertise for the Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer . Linda Bressler, Pharm.D., B.C.O.P. Clinical Associate Professor College of Pharmacy University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois Susan M. Mockus, Ph.D Scientific Consultant Seattle, Washington James H. Morse, M.D. Assistant Professor Division of Gastroenterology University of Virginia Health Sciences Center Charlottesville, Virginia PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS On the cover, clockwise from upper left: Colored computed tomography (CT) scan of a human brain. (Dept. of Clinical Radiology, Salisbury District Hospital, Science Source/Photo Researchers. Reproduced by permission.) Color digitized image of the herpes simplex virus. (Custom Medical Stock Photo. Reproduced by permission.) Colored CT scan revealing cancer of the liver. (Dept. of Clinical Radiology, Salisbury District Hospital, Science Source/Phot

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth. Cancer is a family of diseases in which cells replicate at an extremely rapid pace. A cancerous, or malignant, tumor begins its growth at a primary site, damaging surrounding tissue and interfering with normal organ function. Eventually, some of the cancerous cells may migrate from the primary tumor to other parts of the body-via the bloodstream and form secondary tumors. The specific causes of most forms of cancer are unknown, but researchers have uncovered many probable factors that contribute to the development of the disease, including certain chemicals and forms of radiation, cigarette smoking, diet, and, in some cases, genetic predisposition. Although most cancers occur in adults, cancer is still responsible for more deaths in children than any other disease in the United States, where it is the second leading cause of death—after accidents—in children under the age of 15. Between 7,000 and 8,000 new cases of childhood cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. every year. Like the cancer rate among the adult population, the incidence of cancer in children, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia and brain cancer, is on the rise. However, scientific advances in diagnosis and treatment have dramatically improved short- and long-term survival rates for many childhood cancers. Pediatrie oncologists specialize in the treatment of children with cancer. Childhood cancers are treated with the same three major techniques used for treating cancer in adults: chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In chemotherapy, medication is administered orally or intravenously to kill cancer cells, or to stop or retard their growth. Usually a combination of different drugs is used for maximum effectiveness. Chemotherapy agents are powerful drugs that cause unpleasant and sometimes serious side effects, including nausea, hair loss, mouth sores, bleeding, and decreased immune function. In radiation therapy, high doses of radiation are aimed at the affected area, killing cancer cells. This therapy brings many dangers to the patient. Radiation can kill cells or turn healthy cells into new cancer cells. Whole-body radiation, used to treat cancer that has spread, destroys the body's bone marrow. A matching donor, usually a close relative, must then be found to give marrow for a transplant procedure. Side effects of radiation include fever, irritability, hair loss, headaches, nausea, and appetite loss, in addition to skin irritations at the site where the χ rays are aimed. New treatment approaches being developed for children can reduce the side effects of radiation. These include hyperfractionation, which reduces the required dose of radiation, and tailored radiotherapy, which narrows the radiation to only a portion of the affected area. Surgery is the treatment of choice for localized cancers that are detected before they have spread. However, some cancers are more treatable by surgery than others, depending on the accessibility of the tumor. Surgery is often used in conjunction with radiation and/or chemotherapy to prevent a relapse, because if even a single cancer cell is left after the operation, it can lead to renewed abnormal growth and the recurrence of the tumor.

Whether you’re facing major surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, a second opinion can help ensure you’re getting the most targeted, effective treatment for your condition.

No matter what your age or lifestyle, the choices you make today and in the future can improve your chances of living a healthy and cancer-free life.

If You Are Diagnosed With CancerQuestions for the doctor:What kind of cancer do I have?Is it invasive?

Detailed information on the most common diagnostic procedures for cancer

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to spread to distant sites (metastasis). If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death.

Seek Support if Cancer StrikesA 4-foot northern pike stars in one of actor Rob Lowe's favorite tales about his father."Like many kids, I really enjoyed going on fishing trips with my dad," says Mr.

Understanding Cancer StatisticsStatistics are often used in news reports or in talking about someone's risk for getting cancer or whether a treatment will work. These statistics can be confusing or misleading if you do not understand how they are ...

Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk: Questions and AnswersKey PointsSome cancers depend on naturally occurring sex hormones for their development and growth. Researchers are interested in learning whether the hormones in oral contraceptives affect...

Detailed information on cancer, including cancer diagnosis, cancer staging, cancer grading, cancer treatment, cancer surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, and cancer clinical trials

Detailed information on coping with a cancer diagnosis in a child

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth of tissue cells in the body and the invasion by these cells into nearby tissue and migration to distant sites.

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute is the most authoritative source of information on cancer incidence and survival in the United States. Established in 1973, SEER originally provided cancer incidence data for Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii, and for the metropolitan areas of Detroit and San Francisco-Oakland. Since then, a number of other areas have been added to the program, including the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Seattle, and Los Angeles; counties in Georgia; Native-American populations in Arizona and Alaska; and the states of New Jersey, Louisiana, Kentucky, and California. SEER registries routinely collect data on cancer patients, demographics, primary tumor site, morphology, stage at diagnosis, first course of treatment, and follow-up for vital status. SEER data, publications, and resources are available at http://www.seer.cancer.gov . B RENDA K. E DWARDS ( SEE ALSO : Cancer ; Data Sources and Collection Methods ; Demography ; Epidemiology ; National Institutes of Health ; Vital Statistics )

Cyclist Lance Armstrong is proof that you can not only survive cancer, but that you can actually resume a normal livelihood, one of his doctors says.

A Cancer Survivor’s Guide to CaregivingBy Jim RiceAs a rectal cancer survivor, I have had several caregivers. An enterostomal therapy nurse took care of me at the hospital after my colostomy surgery; home health care nurses came to my house for se...

Detailed information on diagnosing cancer in children

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to spread to distant sites (metastasis). If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death.

Life as a cancer survivor can be as rich and rewarding as you decide to make it. In fact, increased awareness of mortality is all some people need to feel more alive than ever.

Cancer survivors know how important a job can be to their psychological and financial well being. Here are tips to improve the ability to continue working, as well as some ways to handle workplace discrimination during treatment.

A Swedish study, over 29 years, finds 33 percent more cases of cancer among obese people than in the general population.

Sex and Cancer: Questions for Your DoctorWhat sexual impact should I expect from my cancer or its treatment?How long will these changes last?

Virtual Colonoscopy: A Noninvasive Option for Cancer ScreeningThis year more than 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. In a large number of those cases, the cancer will be advanced.

Nutrition for Patients During Cancer TreatmentNutrition plays a significant role in the treatment of cancer. In fact, you can improve your overall outcome by eating well.

Take a Vacation From CancerAugust is a popular time of year for vacations. It's summer, the kids are out of school, and the mountains and beaches are beckoning.

Understanding Cancer Screening TestsMost cancers are easier to treat when they are found in their earlier stages. Doctors find cancers when they are small and normally undetectable by using screening tests such as mammography, blood tests, CT scan...

Coping With Cancer: The FamilyCancer is a blow to every family it touches. How it is handled is determined to a great extent by how the family has functioned as a unit in the past.Problems within the family can be the most difficult to handle; you...

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost one hundred diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death .

Although some complementary and alternative methods have been scientifically proven to promote healing or reduce symptoms, many have not.

Cancer Patient Finds Support, Empowerment OnlineWhen Geri Malter was diagnosed with a retroperitoneal liposarcoma (a rare kind of tumor in the fatty tissues of the abdomen) in 1983, her first thought was, "I need to talk to someone else with this ...

Insurance Rights of Cancer SurvivorsWhen cancer strikes, you may start thinking about health insurance in a new light. Chances are, you will use your health insurance more than ever before.

Understanding Cancer TestsDoctors use tests like mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans to help them screen for, diagnose, treat, and monitor cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you may have h...

Cancer FAQQ: What is cancer?A:Cancer is what happens when a group of cells grows uncontrollably and in an abnormal and disorderly way.

Obesity and CancerKey Points:During the last two decades, the percentage of overweight and obese adults and children has been steadily increasing (see Question 2).Lack of physical activity is strongly associated with obesity (see Question 3).In ad...

Vasectomy and Cancer RiskSome studies have raised questions about a possible relationship between vasectomy (an operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles) and the risk of developing cancer, particularly prosta...

Discusses the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention and cites numerous studies on the protective value of NSAIDs and coxibs to a variety of cancers.

The ins and outs of screening for testicular and prostate cancers, including an in-depth discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of the leading prostate cancer test, the prostate specific antigen test.

Many studies link exercise with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer. The biggest reductions were for colon and breast cancer, but its effect on other cancers is so far inconclusive.

Research has found that statin drugs may inhibit the growth of cancer cells in laborotory experiments, but much more research is necessary before any definite benefits can be determined.

Detailed information the most common types of surgery to treat cancer, including biopsy, endoscopy, laparoscopy, laparotomy, laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and excisional surgery

Detailed information on surgery for prostate cancer, including the different types and potential side effects

Detailed information on treating cancer in children

Detailed information on the causes of cancer in children

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells in the body and the ability of these malignant cells to spread (metastasize) to distant sites within the body. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cancer is not just one disease but a group of almost one hundred different types of malignant diseases.

Herbal and Non-Herbal Supplement Use in the Cancer PatientShark cartilage, green tea extract, phytomelatonin — these may sound like strange remedies for cancer, but they are actually the subjects of major clinical trials in progress. The sup...

Parental Cancer: Questions and Answers About Changes in Family Rhythms and RoutinesIf you are a parent who has recently been diagnosed with cancer, there are few concerns that seem as important or basic as how to help your children cope with all t...

Coping With Cancer: IntroductionThe National Cancer Institute provided this guide, originally called "Taking Time," for people with cancer and their loved ones to help them understand their feelings and how they can best cope with living with canc...

Coping With Cancer: When You Need AssistanceWhen cancer develops, many people need to learn to ask for and accept outside help for the first time. These are good ways to begin:Take time to ask medical questions of your doctor, nurse specialists, t...

Coping With Cancer: Your Self-ImageCancer treatment can extend over weeks or months; side effects may come and go.Side effects can make you feel rotten, even make you think the cancer has returned.The known is less frightening than the unknown. Le...

Facing Forward: IntroductionIf you are an adult who is getting on with your life after a diagnosis for cancer, this guide is for you. Whether your treatment took place in childhood, 5 years ago, or last week, you may share common concerns with oth...

Facing Forward: Continuing to Care for Your HealthAfter you have been treated for cancer, you will have two ongoing health needs. First, you'll want to take the health steps that doctors suggest for anyone your age.

Cancer ClustersKey PointsCancer clusters may be suspected when people report that several family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related cancers (see Defining Disease Clusters section).Some amount of ...

Resources: A Guide for People With Cancer and Their FamiliesYou may want more information for yourself, your family, and your doctor. The following National Cancer Institute (NCI) services are available to help you.TelephoneCancer Information Serv...

Follow-up Care: Questions and AnswersIt is natural for anyone who has completed cancer treatment to be concerned about what the future holds. Many people are concerned about the way they look and feel, and about whether the cancer will recur (come...

A guide to the tests available for screening colon, lung, and skin cancers, and how to determine whether they're right for you.

If you have cancer, eating the right kinds of foods can help you feel better and stay stronger. This means foods and beverages that contain vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fat and water.

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Around the world, over 10 million cancer cases occur annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women in the United States will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime. It is one of the most feared diseases, primarily because half of those diagnosed with cancer in the United States will die from it. Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world, causing over 6 million deaths a year. The exact causes of most types of cancer are still not known, and there is not yet a cure for cancer. However, it is now known that the risk of developing many types of cancer can be reduced by adopting certain lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and eating a better diet .

Cancer is increasingly viewed as a long-term chronic illness, rather than an acute one.

Understanding the Late Effects of Cancer and Its TreatmentMore people are surviving cancer than ever before. According to the American Cancer Society, almost 9 million Americans have a history of cancer, many of whom are survivors of childhood can...

Healing Versus Curing CancerThe words cure and heal are often used interchangeably. The fact is, however, that curing your cancer and healing your cancer are two very different things.

Holder of the Golden BucketThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.Since this was an Olympic year, I saw how this simple gesture of love and caring is a...

Now! Don't Wait!

Living With LonelinessThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc."One is the loneliest number that you'll ever know.

From Black and White to Full ColorThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.I reflect on the fact that I almost died to show me how much I really wanted t...

Cervical Cancer: A Survivor's StoryBy: Debra SicklesMy name is Debra and I was diagnosed with cervical cancer. I underwent a radical hysterectomy at the age of 37.

Living With Cancer"I wrote the following twhile undergoing radiation forprostate cancer."--Cal BegunLet's face it, having cancer is never any funIt can be a nightmare for almost everyoneVerily, it's the fear of it that will do the most damage to y...

Targeted Therapies Take Aim at CancerAll anticancer drugs target tumors in some way. Most conventional treatments, however, attack healthy cells as well as cancer cells.

A Second ChanceThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc."Cancer is not a death sentence."

Christmas MagicBy Barbara Bartlein, R.N., M.S.WI wish I could tell you that the whole thing happened because I'm caring and unselfish, but that wouldn't be true. It was 1979, and I had just moved back to Wisconsin from Colorado because I missed my...

Expert-reviewed information summary about the influence of spirituality and religion on individuals who have cancer. Various approaches for management and intervention are discussed.

Coping With Cancer: The World OutsideSome friends will deal well with your illness and provide gratifying support.Some will be unable to cope with the possibility of death and will disappear from your life.Most will want to help but may be uncomfo...

Coping With Cancer: Living Each DayEach person must work through, in his or her own way, feelings of possible death, fear, and isolation. Returning to normal routines as much as possible often helps.Give the pleasures and responsibilities of each ...

Coping With Cancer: The Years AfterCancer is not something anyone forgets. Anxieties remain as active treatment ceases and the waiting stage begins.

Coping With Cancer: Sharing the DiagnosisCancer can be unutterably lonely. No one should try to bear it alone.Patient, family, and friends usually learn the diagnosis sooner or later.

Coping With Cancer: Sharing FeelingsSome in the family are able to absorb the impact of diagnosis sooner than others. This can create clashing needs as some wish to talk and some need to be private and introspective.Verbal and nonverbal clues help...

Facing Forward: Earning a LivingMany cancer survivors wonder whether having a cancer history will make a difference in their job prospects. Common questions include: Will I be able to return to work?

Facing Forward: Taking Care of Your FeelingsWhat kinds of feelings are "normal"? There is no "right" way to feel; the important thing is to handle your emotions in a way that works for you.

Facing Forward: Managing Insurance IssuesIf you are like most cancer survivors, the costs of initial treatment and continuing care are a major concern. What happens to insurance coverage and costs after you've had treatment for cancer?

Appendix: A Guide for People With Cancer and Their FamiliesPatient NotesDoctor's Name:Address:Phone:Nurse's Name:Address:Phone:Pharmacist's Name:Address:Phone:Social Worker/Therapist:Address:Phone:Questions to Ask:Pain Control RecordYou can use a ...

Simian Virus 40 and Human Cancer: Fact SheetKey PointsSimian virus 40 (SV40) is a virus that infects several species of monkeys and typically does not cause symptoms or disease in them.When reports appeared in 1961 that injection of SV40 into hams...

Regular exercise may prevent a recurrence of breast or colorectal cancer, or may decrease the risk of dying from the disease. But the reasons for the benefits are unclear.

Can cancer be transferred from mother to child in the womb? Jeffrey Ecker, M.D. is an Associate Professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Massachusetts General Hospital, where he practices maternal-fetal medicine.

A continuous process in which multiple alterations occur in genes that control cell division and differentiation that leads to cancer—the uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells. These genetic alterations are referred to as mutations, which are changes in the normal DNA sequence of a particular gene. Mutations may include deletions, chromosomal translocations, inversions, amplifications, or point mutations. Cancer genetics is the understanding of the genetic processes underlying the actual disease occurrence. This understanding plays a significant role in early detection, therapy, prevention, and prognosis.

Appetite StimulationSymptom and Description Loss of appetite is a loss of the desire to eat. Not eating can lead to weight loss.

Taste ChangesSymptom and DescriptionChange in taste can be a change in the sensation of sweet, salty, sour, or bitter. A change in the way foods taste may cause a dislike for foods, which may lead to lack of appetite or weight loss.

ConstipationSymptom and DescriptionConstipation means being unable to move your bowels, having to push harder to move your bowels, or moving them less often than usual. Bowel movements will be small, dry, and hard.

Sample Appeal Letter for Services Denied as 'Not a Covered Benefit'As someone with cancer or a caregiver for someone with cancer, you have enough on your mind without having to worry about payments and insurance. Unfortunately, some insurance comp...

Appearance: Taking Control During TreatmentTreatments such as chemotherapy and radiation can damage a person's skin, hair, and nails. Many of these changes will go away after treatment ends.

Easy Ways to Show Someone You CareWhether you are a spouse, child, sibling, parent, or friend of a cancer patient, it is important that you never stop expressing your love. Showing how much you care is not only important on holidays and special oc...

Compassionate Drug UseA "60 Minutes" episode reported on the controversial topic of "compassionate drug use." Some people with late-stage cancer are hopeful about this practice, which allows them to receive new but unapproved drugs after tradition...

Nurturing Your Body From WithinA diagnosis of cancer followed by intense treatments is a big hurdle for a cancer patient to face. Another, perhaps more unexpected hurdle is dealing with body changes.

Inspirational PoemsThe following poems were taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.My Seventh FriendHe left, and I felt loved!My first friend came and expressed his shock by saying, "I can'...

World Turned Upside DownThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.Friendships are strengthened as we walk through the valley of cancer.I never really unde...

CyberSistersThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.Just reach out, turn on your computer, and open up a whole new world!My husband and I waited for wha...

Boxer BoldnessThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.Many of our friends and relatives had been asking if they could help in any way. I decided to take...

New DoorsThe following Inspirational Story was taken fromSilver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.Hi, my name is Patti. Strange as it may sound, my experience with cancer has revealed many blessings to...

What If?By Catherine Andrews, NIEHS Contractor, The Sister StudyWhat if cancer had not taken my grandfather away when I was too young to remember him?

Remission... What Then?

100 Years of Advances Against CancerThe past century has seen many remarkable advances against cancer, a disease known to mankind for thousands of years. The accomplishments of the last 10 years, such as human gene therapy, biotechnology products ...

Cancer, not heart disease, is now the leading cause of death among Americans under age 85.

Two medications, Metformin and cholesterol-lowering statins, have been shown to have some cancer prevention benefits in recent studies.

Research shows that statin use is not associated with higher cancer risk.Statin drugs like atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor) are so widely used that even a whiff of suspicion can billow into a cloud of concern. If you go by the results of most trials, there’s no reason to worry that taking a statin could increase your cancer risk. In fact, some research has found just the opposite: a protective effect, particularly against colon cancer.

In an interview, a patient who chose active surveillance combined with lifestyle changes instead of surgery discusses the reasons for his decision, and its effects on his overall health and the progress of the disease.

Detailed information on cancer, including primary and metastatic cancers, and benign and malignant tumors

Detailed information on cancer in children, including causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping

Detailed information on cancer and complementary and alternative therapy

Detailed information on cancer in children

InsomniaSymptom and DescriptionSeven to eight hours of sleep a night is important for your functioning and well-being. Cancer and cancer treatment can lead to a lack of sleep.Insomnia is a problem in either falling asleep or staying asleep.

Detailed information on the most common types of neurological disorders, including acute spinal cord injury, alzheimers disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Bell's palsy, brain tumors, epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, headaches, muscular contraction

Detailed information on neurological disorders in children

Glossary of terms relating to nervous system

Detailed information on the most common disorders of the brain and nervous system in high-risk newborns

Detailed information on neurological disorders in children, including headaches, head injury and seizures/epilepsy

Detailed information on the most common types of neurological disorders, including acute spinal cord injury, alzheimers disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Bell's palsy, brain tumors, epilepsy, Guillain-Barr‚ syndrome, headaches, muscular contraction

Glossary of terms relating to nervous system

Detailed information on neurology, the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system

Detailed information on nervous system disorders, including symptoms and physicians who treat nervous system disorders

Detailed information on nervous system disorders in children

Detailed information on the most common diagnostic procedures for neurological disorders

Detailed information on the most common types of neurological exams, including mental status exams, motor function and balance exams, sensory exams, and reflex exams

Detailed information on the most common diagnostic tests for neurological disorders in children

Detailed information on the most common diagnostic tests for neurological disorders in children

Detailed information on the neurological examination of a child

Detailed information on neurological surgery

Detailed information on neurologic conditions in pregnancy

Detailed information on neurological disorders in children

Detailed information on neurological rehabilitation, including the treatment team and rehabilitation program

List of online resources to find additional information on nervous system disorders

List of online resources to find additional information on nervous system disorders

Detailed information on the most common types of neurological disorders, including acute spinal cord injury, alzheimers disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Bell's palsy, brain tumors, epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, headaches, muscular contraction

A short glossary of asthma terms.

Research is indicating that inflammation, once thought to be a normal part of the body's reaction to illness, may in fact be a causative factor in various diseases and conditions.

Inflammation is the body's reaction to bad habits like smoking and high-fat foods. It contributes to atherosclerosis, which is a factor in heart disease. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to fight inflammation.

Chronic inflammation damages the inside of coronary arteries and leaves them prone to plaque that clogs the blood vessels. That leads to clots that cause heart attacks.

Researchers aren't sure why, but exercise can lower overall levels of inflammation in the body.

Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. There are over 100 different types of arthritis. See also: Joint pain

A term referring to a variety of conditions characterized by inflammation of one or more joints. Arthritis is commonly regarded as a disease of the elderly, but there are several varieties that primarily affect children, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis, and juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.

Detailed information on arthritis, including types, symptoms, and diagnosis

Detailed information on arthritis, including types, symptoms, diagnosis, and rehabilitation

Detailed information on arthritis, including types, symptoms, and diagnosis

Detailed information on arthritis and other rheumatic disease, including symptom, cause, and members of the treatment team

This report includes sections on osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system, medications, diet, exercise, and the emotional strain of living with arthritis.

Although there's no cure for arthritis, the symptoms can be treated effectively in many cases. Here's a look at some proven treatments.

Detailed information on the most common types of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, gout, infectious arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lyme disease, low back pa

Doctors and physical therapists say people with arthritis can improve their health and fitness through exercise without damaging their joints.

A Harvard Medical School physician answers your question about a possible connection between statin medications and easing arthritis.

Arthritis cannot be cured, but treatment can help manage the pain and prevent serious disability.

No matter what form of arthritis you have, your role as part of your health care team can make the difference in how well you function with pain, stiffness or inflammation.

If you have arthritis, taking your medication and following your doctor's orders are essential. But self-care can be just as important in your daily and long-term management of the disease.

Detailed information on diagnosing arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including the most commonly used laboratory tests and imaging techniques

Online medical glossary of terms relating to arthritis and other rheumatic diseases written for patients and consumers

Detailed information on treatment for arthritis and other rheumatic diseases

Detailed information on the most common treatments used for arthritis

Detailed information on the treatment of arthritis

Detailed information on diagnosing pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases

Detailed information on treatment for arthritis and other rheumatic diseases

A series of exercises to ease pain and prevent injury for those with arthritis, repetitive stress injury, or carpal tunnel syndrome.

Do pain medications prevent arthritis from worsening, directly or indirectly? If I choose not to take medications for chronic arthritis pain due to a concern about potential side effects, am I allowing the arthritis to worsen?

I have a strong family history of arthritis. Are there steps I can take now to prevent arthritis or at least delay onset?

Detailed information on the most common types of arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, gout, infectious arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lyme disease, low back pa

Here's where you'll find some helpful ways you can cope with painful bouts of arthritis

Exercise has important health benefits for everyone -- regardless of age and physical condition. But for people with arthritis, working out regularly, and within their limits, is critical.

Exercise is an important part of a comprehensive arthritis treatment plan. A complete program consists of three types of exercises: range-of-motion exercises, aerobic exercises, strengthening exercises.

What Is Arthritis in the Foot?Degenerative arthritisis a condition that slowly wears away joints (the link where bones meet and move).

If your symptoms are mild, medications may be enough to reduce pain and swelling. For more severe arthritis, surgery may be needed to improve the condition of the joint.

True or false: Meditation appears to benefit the immune system and may affect the nervous and vascular systems, which in turn affect joint health.

Does a lack of vitamins B12, B6 or folic acid have an effect on arthritis?

Does diabetes cause joint pain Robert Shmerling, M.D., is associate physician and clinical chief of rheumatology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an associate professor in medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is an active teacher in the Internal Medicine Residency Program, serving as the Robinson Firm Chief. He is also a teacher in the Rheumatology Fellowship Program and has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 25 years.

Can trauma to a joint cause arthritis? Robert Shmerling, M.D., is associate physician and clinical chief of rheumatology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an associate professor in medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is an active teacher in the Internal Medicine Residency Program, serving as the Robinson Firm Chief. He is also a teacher in the Rheumatology Fellowship Program and has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 25 years.

Is arthritis related to allergies? Diana Post, M.D., is an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Detailed information on arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including types, diagnosis, treatment, and living with the condition

List of online resources to find additional information on arthritis and other rheumatic diseases