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Diabetes

Definition

Diabetes is a life-long disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin (a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar), resistance to insulin, or both.

To understand diabetes, it is important to first understand the normal process of food metabolism. Several things happen when food is digested:

  • A sugar called glucose enters the bloodstream. Glucose is a source of fuel for the body.
  • An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.

People with diabetes have high blood sugar. This is because their pancreas does not make enough insulin or their muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond to insulin normally, or both.

There are three major types of diabetes:

  • Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. The body makes little or no insulin, and daily injections of insulin are needed to sustain life.
  • Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and makes up most of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adulthood. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition.

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Type 2 diabetes (9 Videos, 11 Images, 1 Slideshow) Average Rating: (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Type 2 diabetes is a¿life-long disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. It occurs when the body does not respond correctly to insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. See also: Diabetes; Type 1 diabetes; Gestational diabetes. Reviewer: Updated by: A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: Greg Juhn, M.T.P.W., David R. Eltz, Kelli A. Stacy. Previously reviewed by Nikheel S. Kolatkar, MD, Clinical and Research Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. (1/23/2006)Date: 05/22/2007
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Type 1 diabetes (1 Video, 5 Images, 1 Slideshow) Average Rating: (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels. See also: Diabetes; Gestational diabetes; Type 2 diabetes. Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 02/08/2007
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Gestational diabetes (2 Images) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (diabetes) that starts or is first diagnosed during pregnancy. Reviewer: Melanie N. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 08/17/2007
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Diabetes insipidus (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Diabetes insipidus is caused by the inability of the kidneys to conserve water, which leads to frequent urination and pronounced thirst. Reviewer: David M. Charytan, M.D., M.Sc., Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 11/16/2006
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Glucose test (1 Video, 1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
A glucose test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 02/08/2007
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Hypoglycemia (1 Image) Average Rating: (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) is too low. Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 04/26/2007
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Diabetes diet (1 Image) Average Rating: (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Specific diabetic dietary guidelines have been developed by the American Diabetes Association and the American Dietetic Association to improve the management of diabetes. Key principles are to: Achieve weight control through reducing calories; Reduce intake of dietary fat (specifically saturated fat; Individualize guidelines for carbohydrates based on the type of diabetes you have and the control of your blood sugar levels. Reviewer: Cynthia Dennison Haines, MD, family physician specializing in nutrition, fitness, and preventive health, St. John's Mercy Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, and Assistant Clinical Professor, St. Louis University's School of Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine.Date: 08/06/2007
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Diabetes foot care (2 Images) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 04/26/2007
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes. It is caused by the buildup of by-products of fat breakdown, called ketones. This occurs when glucose is not available as a fuel source for the body, and fat is used instead. Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare NetworkDate: 08/08/2006
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Diabetes risk factors (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 04/26/2007
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Diabetes insipidus - central (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Central diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that involves extreme thirst and excessive urination. See also: Diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic Reviewer: Robert Hurd, MD, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 08/08/2006
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Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the kidneys can't conserve water, leading to excessive water loss. See also: Diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic Reviewer: Charles Silberberg, DO, Private Practice specializing in Nephrology, Affiliated with NY Medical College, Division of Nephrology, Valhalla, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 08/14/2007
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Diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by the passage of large volumes of urine due to a defect of the kidney tubules. See also diabetes insipidus-central. Reviewer: Colm C. Magee, MD, MPH, Medical Director, Renal Transplant, Brigham & Women's Hospital, and Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.Date: 12/09/2005
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Diabetes - resources (1 Image) (Doctor-Reviewed information)
Reviewer: A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: Greg Juhn, M.T.P.W., David R. Eltz, Kelli A. Stacy.Date: 10/13/2006
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Use Healthline to search the web for more Diabetes information.

Health Videos

Treating the Nerve Damage from Diabetes
Treating nerve damage from diabetes requires a two-pronged approach: controlling blood sugar and alleviating the pain caused by peripheral neuropathy. Lear...
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How to Keep Your Balance with Diabetes
There may be another thing that people with diabetes need to take care of: their balance. Watch some balance exercises and learn what you can do to keep on...
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Top Seven Tips for Managing Your Diabetes
What are the most important steps to take in keeping your diabetes under control? Hear a leading diabetes educator describe the seven key behaviors needed ...
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Understanding the Link Between Hypertension and Diabetes
Controlling blood sugar levels are crucial for people with diabetes. But equally important is blood pressure control. High blood pressure and diabetes ofte...
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Yeast Infections and Diabetes: What is the Link?
Studies show nearly 3 out of every 4 women will experience a yeast infection at least once in their life. For women with diabetes, however, the risk is eve...
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Olympian Eyes Gold Despite Diabetes
Diabetes is no reason to stop chasing Olympic gold. Meet Chris Jarvis, an elite Canadian rower, who continues to aggressively train despite having diabetes...
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Hypertension and Diabetes: Treatment Goals
It's long been known that diabetes often goes hand-in-hand with high blood pressure. But many of the 11 million Americans that have both conditions don't g...
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How Diabetes Gets On Your Nerves
Almost half of all people with diabetes experience some form of nerve damage, which can develop into a complication known as peripheral neuropathy. What ca...
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Type 2 Diabetes: Is It More Than Just Blood Sugar?
Type 2 diabetes doesn't strike out of the blue. Instead, a person's body undergoes a series of changes. Listen as experts explain the clues that often fore...
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Eating Well Articles

Understanding Diabetes  "By Marion J. Franz, M.S., R.D., C.D.E, EatingWell.com"
If you, a family member or a friend has diabetes, you know there is a lot to learn about how to manage it successfully. You also know that lifestyle is important.

Diabetes 101: Essential Facts   "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
To get an understanding of diabetes, it's helpful to know what happens when you eat, say, an apple. Through digestion, your body breaks down the apple into usable components that travel in your blood.

Acetone Breath & Diabetes  "By EatingWell , EatingWell.com"
Another problem that diabetes can cause comes from your bodys inability to get glucose to the cells that need it. If it is deprived of its main fuel source, your body will launch into a backup plan: burning fat for energy.

Types of Diabetes   "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
Type 1 Five to 10 percent of people with diabetes fall into this category, which used to be called "juvenile diabetes" because it is most often diagnosed before age 30. However, type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, even in the elderly.

Diabetes: What About Sugar?  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
Not so long ago, people with diabetes were told they had to avoid eating sugar altogether. If they wanted treats, they could only have artificially sweetened "diet" foods that often didn't taste very good.

What About the Glycemic Index?  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
All the carbohydrate foods we eat cause a release of glucose into the bloodstreamand a corresponding rise in insulinbut some raise glucose more than others. The glycemic index is a system of ranking foods containing equal amounts of carbohydrate according to how much they raise blood-glucose levels.

Managing Diabetes and Your Diet  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
No matter how clear the principles of healthy eating may be, putting them into practice can be downright confusing. How does "30 percent of calories from fat" or "2 Carbohydrate Servings" translate to what's on your plate?

Managing Diabetes: Changing for Good  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
Many people with diabetes talk about how they've had to "reinvent themselves," and with good reason. Having diabetes makes you reconsider almost everything you do, from the foods you choose and the activities in your day, to the way you interact with others.

Healthy Holiday Eating for Diabetes  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
"How can I eat healthy during the holidays?" It's one of the most common questions asked by people with diabetesor anyone who's made a commitment to eating with their health in mind.

Eating to Manage Diabetes  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
We all eat to live (and, indeed, live to eat), but for someone with diabetes, that adage isn't just academic. It's a matter of staying well and living longer.

Kids and Diabetes  "By EatingWell, EatingWell.com"
If you have a child with diabetes, the only thing you can count on is change. It might seem as if you're dealing with an entirely different person each year or even every few months.

Health Experts, Healthline's Network of Health Experts

Diabetes in Pregnancy - 9 - Use of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. in Fruit of the Womb - 167 days ago
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes comprise more than 95% of the diabetes complicating pregnancy. The mainstay of medical management o... Email  |  Save
Diabetes in Pregnancy - 8 - Basic Approach to Insulin Therapy. in Fruit of the Womb - 168 days ago
To give an example of how this works, suppose we have a 100 kg woman who is diagnosed with gestational diabetes at 30 weeks gestation: Diabetes in Pregnanc... Email  |  Save
Diabetes in Pregnancy - 7 - Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Levels. in Fruit of the Womb - 185 days ago
, the next step in counseling for the newly diagnosed woman with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) revolves around the means of assessing her diabetic co... Email  |  Save

Books on Healthline

Action Plan for Diabetes Book by "Darryl E. Barnes, MD" publisher: "Human Kinetics"
Living with diabetes is not easy. You know that diet and exercise are important in controlling your blood glucose, but how do you find balance in these areas without letting them take over your life?

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