Type 2 diabetes Health Article

Definition

Type 2 diabetes is a life-long disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. It occurs when the body does not respond correctly to insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.

See also:

• Diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes
• Gestational diabetes

Alternative Names

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes; Diabetes - type 2

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Diabetes is caused by a problem in the way your body makes or uses insulin. Insulin is needed to move glucose (blood sugar) into cells, where it is used for energy.

If glucose does not get into the cells, the body cannot use it for energy. Too much glucose will then remain in the blood, causing the symptoms of diabetes.

There are several types of diabetes. This article focuses on type 2, which is usually accompanied by obesity and insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance means that insulin produced by your pancreas cannot get inside fat and muscle cells to produce energy. Since the cells are not getting the insulin they need, the pancreas produces more and more. Over time, abnormally high levels of sugar build up in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia. Many people with insulin resistance have hyperglycemia and high blood insulin levels at the same time. People who are overweight have a higher risk of insulin resistance, because fat interferes with the body's ability to use insulin.

Type 2 diabetes usually occurs gradually. Most people with the disease are overweight at the time of diagnosis. However, type 2 diabetes can also develop in those who are thin, especially the elderly.

Family history and genetics play a large role in type 2 diabetes. Low activity level, poor diet, and excess body weight (especially around the waist) significantly increase your risk for type 2 diabetes.

Other risk factors include:

• Race/ethnicity (African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and Native Americans all have high rates of diabetes)
• Age greater than 45 years
• Previously identified impaired glucose tolerance by your doctor
• High blood pressure
• HDL cholesterol of less than 35 mg/dL or triglyceride level of greater than 250 mg/dL
• History of gestational diabetes

Symptoms

Often, people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at all. If you do have symptoms, they may include:

• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Increased appetite
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Frequent or slow-healing infections
• Erectile dysfunction