Multiple system atrophy Health Article

Definition

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare degenerative condition that causes symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. However, patients with MSA have more widespread damage to the autonomic nervous system, the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions.

Alternative Names

Shy-Drager syndrome; Neurologic orthostatic hypotension; Shy-McGee-Drager syndrome; Parkinson's plus syndrome

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

MSA is characterized by the following:

• Progressive damage to the nervous system, leading to low blood pressure when standing, difficulty urinating, and abnormal breathing during sleep
• Muscle tremor and rigidity
• Slow movement
• Disrupted REM sleep patterns

The cause is unknown. MSA develops gradually and is most often diagnosed in men older than 60.

Symptoms

• Dizziness or fainting when arising or after standing still
• Impotence
• Loss of sweating of any part of the body
• Loss of control of bowels or bladder
• Vision changes, decreased or blurred vision
• Muscle rigidity
  • Stiffness
  • Difficulty bending arms or legs
• Posture difficulties: may be unstable, stooped, or slumped over
• Movement difficulties
  • Loss of balance
  • Gait (walking pattern changes
  • Shuffling
• Slow movements
  • Difficulty beginning to walk or initiating any voluntary movement
  • Small steps followed by the need to run to maintain balance
  • Freezing of movement when the movement is stopped, unable to resume movement
• Muscle aches and pains (myalgia)
• Tremors: may be present in varying degrees or may not be present
  • May occur at rest or at any time
  • May become severe enough to interfere with activities
  • May be worse when tired, excited, or stressed
  • Finger-thumb rubbing (pill rolling tremor): may be present
  • May occur with any action such as holding a cup or other eating utensils
• Changes in facial expression
  • Reduced ability to show facial expressions
  • "Mask" appearance to face
  • Staring
  • May be unable to close mouth
• Voice and speech changes
  • Slow speaking
  • Voice is low volume
  • Monotone
  • Difficulty speaking
• Difficulty chewing or swallowing (occasionally)
• Loss of fine motor skills
  • Writing may be small and illegible
  • Difficulty eating
  • Difficulty with any activity that requires small movements
• Frequent falls
• Mild decline in intellectual function (may occur)

• Depression
• Confusion
• Dementia
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Sleep-related breathing difficulties, especially sleep apnea and air passage obstruction accompanied by a harsh vibrating sound