Generalized anxiety disorder Health Article

Definition

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a pattern of frequent, constant worry and anxiety over many different activities and events.

Alternative Names

GAD; Anxiety disorder

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common condition. The cause of GAD is not known, but biological and psychological factors play a role. Stressful life situations or behavior developed through learning may also contribute to GAD.

The disorder may start at any time in life, including childhood. Most people with the disorder report that they have been anxious for as long as they can remember. GAD occurs somewhat more often in women than in men.

Symptoms

Generalized anxiety disorder has the following symptoms:

• Excess anxiety and worry that is out of proportion to the situation
• Difficulty controlling the worry
• Restlessness or feeling keyed up or "on the edge"
• Being easily tired
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Muscle tension -- shakiness, headaches
• Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep; or restless, unsatisfying sleep)
• Excessive sweating, palpitations, shortness of breath, and stomach/intestinal symptoms

Signs and tests

A physical examination and a psychological evaluation can rule out other causes of anxiety. Physical disorders that may mimic an anxiety state should be ruled out, as well as symptoms caused by drugs. This process may include different tests.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to help the person function well. The success of treatment usually depends in part on how severe the generalized anxiety disorder is.

The standard approach combines cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and an antidepressant medication.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Paxil, are usually the first choice. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine (Effexor), are another choice. Other antidepressants and some anti-seizure drugs may be used for severe cases.

Other anti-anxiety medications may also be prescribed. Benzodiazepines may be recommended if antidepressants don't help.

Behavioral therapies that may be used together with drug therapy include relaxation techniques, pleasant mental imagery, and cognitive behavioral therapy to change distorted and possibly harmful perceptions of severe anxiety.

Other counseling and therapy techniques may help people gain an understanding of the illness and the factors that protect against or trigger it.

A healthy lifestyle that includes exercise, enough rest, and good nutrition can help reduce the impact of anxiety.